In the 4th Chapter of Numbers, God continues the instructions to Moses and Aaron on the roles of the Levites. They are called to do a census of the members of the Levites for those men between the ages of 30 and 50, which was the age requirement to do priestly things.
The instructions involve who will carry the items of the Tent of Meeting when the Ark moves. The most holy vessels can only be touched or even looked upon by Aaron or one of Aaron's sons. Those items closest to the Holy of Holies, or the center of the tent around the Ark, where considered "less" holy and the Kohathites were tasked with carrying them while the Gershonites and Merarites were tasked with carry more mundane items.
Numbers 5 opens with a warning to keep those who are unclean out of the camp until they can be made clean. It is an awareness that God is holy and present within the camp and so too must the Israelites be holy. But holiness involves more than just being physically "clean." Relationships in the community are very important. Sins against one another must be dealt with and aggrieved parties must receive proper restitution.
Another form of being holy is one's faithfulness within marriage. Chapter 5 contains a ritual by which the guilt of a woman committing adultery could be ascertained if there is no proof of her actual guilt. The priest will prepare the water of bitterness and then ask the woman if she has committed a wrong. If she has not and is telling the truth, the water will not have any effect on her. If she has and is lying, then the water will bear a curse which will cause great pain and discomfort. Some commentators look at this a trial by ordeal. This sort of "magical" judgment does not appear elsewhere in the bible, so it is of interest, even as it is rather horrifying.
Acts 15
The issue of how the early believers, mostly Jewish converts, would welcome the Gentile converts comes to a head in Chapter 15. Paul and Barnabas encounter a group of Jewish believers who inform the Gentile converts that they must first be circumcised before they can be saved. In other words, before being a follower of Christ, you have to become a son of Abraham and a member of Israel. Realizing how serious this was, Paul and Barnabas return to Jerusalem to get guidance from the leaders of the movement.
After much discussion, Peter and James, both offer opinions that God has acted within the Gentile community and sent the Holy Spirit to them. This means that clearly God does not see a necessity in having the Gentiles become "Jews" before becoming followers of Christ. It would seem that circumcision will not be required for the Gentiles, but James and other leaders draft a letter to be sent to warn the Gentiles about participating in idolatrous activities at shrines or temples. To follow Christ means to follow the God of Israel and not other gods.
Thursday, February 28, 2013
Wednesday, February 27, 2013
Numbers 2-3 & Acts 14
As Israel now plans to move on from Mt. Sinai, an order must be created. Chapters 2 and 3 in Numbers provides us with a description of who camps where and in what order the tribes are placed when they are moving. In general, an inner ring of Levites surrounds the Tent of Presence, with each Levite tribe having responsibility for some portion of the tent or a rite related to the tent. Outside of this ring of Levites, we have the twelve tribes of Israel, three to a side.
Chapter 2 outlines the formation of the tribes of Israel. It is of note to see that the tribe of Judah takes up the place of honor in that it will camp to the east of the Tabernacle and will also lead the procession when journeying.
Chapter 3 does the same with the sons of Levi, Aaron and Moses are both members of the tribe. While Aaron and Moses and their families take up the position in front of the Tabernacle, the other sons of Levi take up their positions around the Tent. God lays claim to the sons of Levi, they belong to God. Therefore, they must be redeemed and paid for by the "firstborn" of Israel. Even the livestock of the Levites must be redeemed. In other words, in the same way that vows are redeemed, the Levites are to be redeemed.
As Israel begins to organize into a new community, notice how tribes are beginning to take shape in the structure. Israel, for a good portion of its history, will be a loose confederation of tribes, acting jointly when it serves their purposes. Also note that they are lead by a prophet, not by a king or military leader.
Acts 14
The 14th chapter illustrates the tension that will follow Paul wherever he goes. As he proclaims the Gospel, he creates a following which then concerns the established Jewish community and the establishment status quo. Frequently he is driven out of town by these forces, or in other communities arrested for stirring up the population.
Not only does proclaim the Good News but he demonstrates the power of the Gospel through healings. In this chapter his actions are seen as the work of the old gods, but this provides an opportunity for Paul to offer a new understanding of God. However, people are fickle about their gods. One moment Paul is revered, while the next the same people are trying to stone him. Ah the joy of ministry.
Paul and Barnabas' mission and success will lead us into the next chapter. How will Gentiles and Jews co-exist in this new community.
Chapter 2 outlines the formation of the tribes of Israel. It is of note to see that the tribe of Judah takes up the place of honor in that it will camp to the east of the Tabernacle and will also lead the procession when journeying.
Chapter 3 does the same with the sons of Levi, Aaron and Moses are both members of the tribe. While Aaron and Moses and their families take up the position in front of the Tabernacle, the other sons of Levi take up their positions around the Tent. God lays claim to the sons of Levi, they belong to God. Therefore, they must be redeemed and paid for by the "firstborn" of Israel. Even the livestock of the Levites must be redeemed. In other words, in the same way that vows are redeemed, the Levites are to be redeemed.
As Israel begins to organize into a new community, notice how tribes are beginning to take shape in the structure. Israel, for a good portion of its history, will be a loose confederation of tribes, acting jointly when it serves their purposes. Also note that they are lead by a prophet, not by a king or military leader.
Acts 14
The 14th chapter illustrates the tension that will follow Paul wherever he goes. As he proclaims the Gospel, he creates a following which then concerns the established Jewish community and the establishment status quo. Frequently he is driven out of town by these forces, or in other communities arrested for stirring up the population.
Not only does proclaim the Good News but he demonstrates the power of the Gospel through healings. In this chapter his actions are seen as the work of the old gods, but this provides an opportunity for Paul to offer a new understanding of God. However, people are fickle about their gods. One moment Paul is revered, while the next the same people are trying to stone him. Ah the joy of ministry.
Paul and Barnabas' mission and success will lead us into the next chapter. How will Gentiles and Jews co-exist in this new community.
Tuesday, February 26, 2013
Leviticus 27, Numbers 1 & Acts 13
Admit it, you are doing your happy dance because we have made it through Leviticus! And you thought it could not be done!
However, one minor detail remains, we have to figure out what the heck is going on in chapter 27.
While the activities that have preceded the 27th chapter are practices that are required, this chapter deals with voluntary activities, making vows to God. There are three reasons one might make a vow to God: 1. one wants to get something from God, 2. a desire to thank God for a special favor God has granted, and 3. to just spontaneously express love to God.
This chapter seeks to determine what is appropriate to offer to God as part of a vow? What happens if someone wishes to redeem their vow, thinking perhaps it was a mistake? Or if you recall the vow, are there any penalties?
The first section from 2-13 speaks to the values of human vows, and what is the exchange if one seeks to redeem a vow of a person? Such as what if Hannah had decided that she wanted Samuel back after offering him to God.
The second sections deals with homes and land, while the final covers areas that are not included in the first two sections.
If you think about it, it is kind of interesting that God would create a system in which returns are created for vows that we realize we cannot keep. Does this God know us or what?
Numbers 1
A brief introduction to Numbers is in order. The Book of Numbers covers the time that Israel wanders in the wilderness. It picks up the story from the encampment at Mt. Sinai and then will remain with Israel as it wanders for forty years. The book can be divided into two major sections; 1-25 and 26-35. These sections are divided by two census that are taken. The first section covers the "older generation", those who will not be allowed to enter into the Promised Land, while the second section covers the "newer generation" those that Joshua will eventually lead into Canaan.
The book itself is an interesting mixture of narrative (historical information) and Priestly materials (those items interested in the cultic activities of Israel.) Most of the characters remain the same and some information might also reappear from sections of Exodus, with some embellishment.
In the first chapter, God asks Moses and Aaron to take a census of the fighting men of Israel to gain a knowledge of how many men could serve in the army of Israel. Preparations, at least by God, are underway for the invasion of the Promised Land. Each tribe is listed out, each tribe corresponding to the son of Jacob that they were named for. In the future two tribes will dominate the history, Judah in the south and Ephraim in the north.
For those mathematicians out there, the total tallies would seem to be rather unrealistic, too large.
Acts 13
In this chapter we see the church at work. Notice that the Jerusalem church is not the only church sending out missions, for the church in Antioch commissioned Barnabas and Paul for a new ministry that was first ordained by the Holy Spirit.
Paul, in all, will go on three missionary journeys and this endeavor will be his first. While in the other journeys it is clear that Paul is the leader, we are not sure that is the case in this first journey. It would seem the early church probably placed more trust in Barnabas to lead this mission. However, as the story continues it is clear that Paul's abilities place him in a position of influence. It is Paul who confronts Bar Jesus and puts him in his place, it is Paul who does the preaching. This mission journey will take Paul and Barnabas to Cyprus and then to Asia Minor.
Within the chapter, we are offered Paul's understanding of God's history of salvation and he tells the story form Abraham to Jesus. The people's response to this message is overwhelming, giving a good omen of future endeavors.
However, one minor detail remains, we have to figure out what the heck is going on in chapter 27.
While the activities that have preceded the 27th chapter are practices that are required, this chapter deals with voluntary activities, making vows to God. There are three reasons one might make a vow to God: 1. one wants to get something from God, 2. a desire to thank God for a special favor God has granted, and 3. to just spontaneously express love to God.
This chapter seeks to determine what is appropriate to offer to God as part of a vow? What happens if someone wishes to redeem their vow, thinking perhaps it was a mistake? Or if you recall the vow, are there any penalties?
The first section from 2-13 speaks to the values of human vows, and what is the exchange if one seeks to redeem a vow of a person? Such as what if Hannah had decided that she wanted Samuel back after offering him to God.
The second sections deals with homes and land, while the final covers areas that are not included in the first two sections.
If you think about it, it is kind of interesting that God would create a system in which returns are created for vows that we realize we cannot keep. Does this God know us or what?
Numbers 1
A brief introduction to Numbers is in order. The Book of Numbers covers the time that Israel wanders in the wilderness. It picks up the story from the encampment at Mt. Sinai and then will remain with Israel as it wanders for forty years. The book can be divided into two major sections; 1-25 and 26-35. These sections are divided by two census that are taken. The first section covers the "older generation", those who will not be allowed to enter into the Promised Land, while the second section covers the "newer generation" those that Joshua will eventually lead into Canaan.
The book itself is an interesting mixture of narrative (historical information) and Priestly materials (those items interested in the cultic activities of Israel.) Most of the characters remain the same and some information might also reappear from sections of Exodus, with some embellishment.
In the first chapter, God asks Moses and Aaron to take a census of the fighting men of Israel to gain a knowledge of how many men could serve in the army of Israel. Preparations, at least by God, are underway for the invasion of the Promised Land. Each tribe is listed out, each tribe corresponding to the son of Jacob that they were named for. In the future two tribes will dominate the history, Judah in the south and Ephraim in the north.
For those mathematicians out there, the total tallies would seem to be rather unrealistic, too large.
Acts 13
In this chapter we see the church at work. Notice that the Jerusalem church is not the only church sending out missions, for the church in Antioch commissioned Barnabas and Paul for a new ministry that was first ordained by the Holy Spirit.
Paul, in all, will go on three missionary journeys and this endeavor will be his first. While in the other journeys it is clear that Paul is the leader, we are not sure that is the case in this first journey. It would seem the early church probably placed more trust in Barnabas to lead this mission. However, as the story continues it is clear that Paul's abilities place him in a position of influence. It is Paul who confronts Bar Jesus and puts him in his place, it is Paul who does the preaching. This mission journey will take Paul and Barnabas to Cyprus and then to Asia Minor.
Within the chapter, we are offered Paul's understanding of God's history of salvation and he tells the story form Abraham to Jesus. The people's response to this message is overwhelming, giving a good omen of future endeavors.
Monday, February 25, 2013
Leviticus 25 - 26 & Psalm 25
Within Leviticus 25 we find the call for Sabbatical renewal and Jubilee. Just as the people are called to hold the seventh day as a special day, so the land should hold the seventh year as a special time. This is a reminder that all need rest, even the land; a reminder that all need liberation, even those who have sold themselves into slavery. These traditions are incumbent upon all those who reside in the land, both Israelite and alien. In many ways, the Jubilee is a reminder to Israel to remember that they were once held as captives in a foreign land and that God ransomed them. In a similar way, they are called to ransom relatives and others who have lost property or liberty.
The other reason for the Jubilee is to maintain clan holdings, this way insuring that members of Israel do not lose the land that God has granted to them. The provisions within the 25th chapter insure that land lost to aliens are purchased and brought back into the fold of Israel.
Just as the land and people will be blessed through the Sabbatical and Jubilee renewal, so God will shine upon Israel if it remains faithful to the covenant according to Chapter 26th. . If Israel turns away from idolatry and follows the commands of God, then God will bless Israel and they will be prosperous in all that they do. Not only will the land produce abundantly, but even wild animals, those considered dangerous, will be removed from the land. For their obedience, the presence of God will be constantly with Israel.
If, however, they fail to follow God and turn away then God's anger will be kindled against them. Notice, however, that God's anger is used as a means to bring Israel back to God. God desires Israel and wishes not to have to punish Israel. If they persist in their hostility to God, eventually they will be removed from the land and handed over to their enemies.
However, God, who is gracious, will restore Israel if they only confess their sins and the sins of their ancestors.
Psalm 25
The first interesting tidbit about the 25th Psalm is that in the Hebrew it is an acrostic poem which means that each verse begins with a letter of the alphabet and proceeds to move through the letters of the alphabet.
The content of the Psalm itself is the plea of an individual seeking assistance and help to an unspecified problem he or she is facing. The reason the petitioners turns to God is because of God innate goodness and faithfulness. God is faithful towards those who keep the covenant yet also God instructs sinners in God's ways, which shows a gracious side of God. Perhaps the petitioner understands his or her error and now seeks to confess and turn back to God. The plea is for God to turn back to the petitioner and redeem him or her from their isolation.
The other reason for the Jubilee is to maintain clan holdings, this way insuring that members of Israel do not lose the land that God has granted to them. The provisions within the 25th chapter insure that land lost to aliens are purchased and brought back into the fold of Israel.
Just as the land and people will be blessed through the Sabbatical and Jubilee renewal, so God will shine upon Israel if it remains faithful to the covenant according to Chapter 26th. . If Israel turns away from idolatry and follows the commands of God, then God will bless Israel and they will be prosperous in all that they do. Not only will the land produce abundantly, but even wild animals, those considered dangerous, will be removed from the land. For their obedience, the presence of God will be constantly with Israel.
If, however, they fail to follow God and turn away then God's anger will be kindled against them. Notice, however, that God's anger is used as a means to bring Israel back to God. God desires Israel and wishes not to have to punish Israel. If they persist in their hostility to God, eventually they will be removed from the land and handed over to their enemies.
However, God, who is gracious, will restore Israel if they only confess their sins and the sins of their ancestors.
Psalm 25
The first interesting tidbit about the 25th Psalm is that in the Hebrew it is an acrostic poem which means that each verse begins with a letter of the alphabet and proceeds to move through the letters of the alphabet.
The content of the Psalm itself is the plea of an individual seeking assistance and help to an unspecified problem he or she is facing. The reason the petitioners turns to God is because of God innate goodness and faithfulness. God is faithful towards those who keep the covenant yet also God instructs sinners in God's ways, which shows a gracious side of God. Perhaps the petitioner understands his or her error and now seeks to confess and turn back to God. The plea is for God to turn back to the petitioner and redeem him or her from their isolation.
Leviticus 24
So in my haste to leave Leviticus, yes I would like to move on as well, I forgot chapter 24. Within the chapter, we hear of stipulations to keep a lamp lite in the presence of the Lord. Proper measures are to be taken to insure that enough oil is available so that the lamp is lite from evening until morning. While the light given by the lamp provided light, not just for the Tent of Presence, but the entire community, so the light of Israel was to shine in the world.
Similar instructions are given regarding the Bread of Presence. Each Sabbath day twelve loaves, the same number of tribes, was to be placed on the table in the Tent of Presence. Priests would consume the old loaves at the end of the week.
The second half of the chapter involves the issue of blasphemy, a very serious charge that will lead to death. The placement of the story of the blasphemer has befuddled historians, it is an odd placement for the passage. Clearly no one is to blaspheme in the community, it will not be tolerated by a member of Israel or alien in their midst. Penalty is to bear the sin of the community and be put to death.
The chapter also contains instructions against murder as well as laws of restitution for those who have destroyed the property of others.
Similar instructions are given regarding the Bread of Presence. Each Sabbath day twelve loaves, the same number of tribes, was to be placed on the table in the Tent of Presence. Priests would consume the old loaves at the end of the week.
The second half of the chapter involves the issue of blasphemy, a very serious charge that will lead to death. The placement of the story of the blasphemer has befuddled historians, it is an odd placement for the passage. Clearly no one is to blaspheme in the community, it will not be tolerated by a member of Israel or alien in their midst. Penalty is to bear the sin of the community and be put to death.
The chapter also contains instructions against murder as well as laws of restitution for those who have destroyed the property of others.
Leviticus 23 & Acts 12
Throughout the year, certain festivals are to guide the life of Israel, many of the festivals are offered as reminders of the work of God to redeem and save Israel. Leviticus 23 outlines these varied festivals.
First, Israel is called to maintain the Sabbath, the seventh day is a day reserved for the Lord. Following this pronouncement, Israel is reminded to maintain the Passover, a remembrance of the Exodus story. Immediately following Passover, Israel moves into the Festival of Weeks which mirrors the experience at Sinai as well as the entrance into the Promised Land. The offering of first fruits is a reminder to Israel that God has blessed them and that in return, God calls Israel to provide its first fruits.
The Day of Atonement has already been proclaimed but here it is put in the list with the other festivals. Finally, the Festival of Booths is a harvest festival which also reminds Israel of the time they spent living in temporary structures in their journey through the Wilderness.
Acts 12
While the message of Christ is spreading, it is meeting resistance wherever it goes. The 12th chapter is a reminder of the danger that is inherent in the world. We are told that James, the brother of John, is put to death by the sword and Herod, the grandson of Herod the Great, flexes his muscle and has Peter arrested. The plan, most likely, was to put Peter on trial. God has other plans however.
God frees Peter from jail and leads him to safety. In a scene reminiscent of Jesus first post-resurrection appearance, the disciples fail to truly believe that Peter is free. Finally, they are convinced and Peter tells the full story.
The chapter ends with the death of Herod and contrasts how God saves Peter but condemns Herod to death.
First, Israel is called to maintain the Sabbath, the seventh day is a day reserved for the Lord. Following this pronouncement, Israel is reminded to maintain the Passover, a remembrance of the Exodus story. Immediately following Passover, Israel moves into the Festival of Weeks which mirrors the experience at Sinai as well as the entrance into the Promised Land. The offering of first fruits is a reminder to Israel that God has blessed them and that in return, God calls Israel to provide its first fruits.
The Day of Atonement has already been proclaimed but here it is put in the list with the other festivals. Finally, the Festival of Booths is a harvest festival which also reminds Israel of the time they spent living in temporary structures in their journey through the Wilderness.
Acts 12
While the message of Christ is spreading, it is meeting resistance wherever it goes. The 12th chapter is a reminder of the danger that is inherent in the world. We are told that James, the brother of John, is put to death by the sword and Herod, the grandson of Herod the Great, flexes his muscle and has Peter arrested. The plan, most likely, was to put Peter on trial. God has other plans however.
God frees Peter from jail and leads him to safety. In a scene reminiscent of Jesus first post-resurrection appearance, the disciples fail to truly believe that Peter is free. Finally, they are convinced and Peter tells the full story.
The chapter ends with the death of Herod and contrasts how God saves Peter but condemns Herod to death.
Leviticus 21-22 & Acts 11
As we continue the journey through the Holiness Code, the topic of Leviticus 21 turns to priests. As those called to be the intermediaries between God and Israel, priests are to be held to higher standards. An example of this is seen in the prohibition against touching the dead, except in the case the closest of relatives.
For Israel, to touch the dead was to make one unclean, one was not even supposed to be under the same roof as a dead person. However, it was understood that it was highly likely that one would come into contact with the dead and therefore rites of purification are set up to allow one to be cleansed. For priests, however, even the rites of purification are not good enough. Priests are not to come into contact with the dead, period. One concession is for a very close family member, perhaps parent or wife or child, but that is it. If a priest comes into contact with the dead, he is then disqualified from his position.
Likewise, in sexual relations, a priest is to have relations with only an appropriate woman, a wife who is a virgin. Another example of the high standards being set for priests is the ban on priests who have any kind of blemish, any physical disability or disfiguring marks.
Chapter 22 continues into issues related to priestly purity. While they are to partake of the offerings, sacrificial meat, that are sacrificed to God, they can only do so if they are ritually clean. Furthermore, certain members of their families and/or households may also partake of these offerings but only if they meet certain conditions. However, lay members are not allowed to partake of these offerings.
Acts 11
Upon Peter's return to Jerusalem, the early group of believers are a bit concerned about Peter's interaction with the Gentiles, this is an issue that is going to remain with the early church for a generation or so. However, Peter tells his story, which clearly demonstrates that his actions were lead and guided by the Holy Spirit. While there is no clear decision made on the Gentiles, it is clear that the conversation has begun on how the Jewish believers will accept and welcome Gentile believers into the community.
Focus shifts to the city of Antioch, which will become one of the centers of the church over the next few centuries. In an interesting shift, we hear a story about how residents of Cyprus and Cyrene, two regions that are Gentile, come to Antioch to spread the gospel. This activity is confirmed by Barnabas and the early church of Antioch grows.
This story shows that while the church of Jerusalem is slow to see the progression of growth among the Gentiles, God has begun using Gentiles to spread the Gospel.
For Israel, to touch the dead was to make one unclean, one was not even supposed to be under the same roof as a dead person. However, it was understood that it was highly likely that one would come into contact with the dead and therefore rites of purification are set up to allow one to be cleansed. For priests, however, even the rites of purification are not good enough. Priests are not to come into contact with the dead, period. One concession is for a very close family member, perhaps parent or wife or child, but that is it. If a priest comes into contact with the dead, he is then disqualified from his position.
Likewise, in sexual relations, a priest is to have relations with only an appropriate woman, a wife who is a virgin. Another example of the high standards being set for priests is the ban on priests who have any kind of blemish, any physical disability or disfiguring marks.
Chapter 22 continues into issues related to priestly purity. While they are to partake of the offerings, sacrificial meat, that are sacrificed to God, they can only do so if they are ritually clean. Furthermore, certain members of their families and/or households may also partake of these offerings but only if they meet certain conditions. However, lay members are not allowed to partake of these offerings.
Acts 11
Upon Peter's return to Jerusalem, the early group of believers are a bit concerned about Peter's interaction with the Gentiles, this is an issue that is going to remain with the early church for a generation or so. However, Peter tells his story, which clearly demonstrates that his actions were lead and guided by the Holy Spirit. While there is no clear decision made on the Gentiles, it is clear that the conversation has begun on how the Jewish believers will accept and welcome Gentile believers into the community.
Focus shifts to the city of Antioch, which will become one of the centers of the church over the next few centuries. In an interesting shift, we hear a story about how residents of Cyprus and Cyrene, two regions that are Gentile, come to Antioch to spread the gospel. This activity is confirmed by Barnabas and the early church of Antioch grows.
This story shows that while the church of Jerusalem is slow to see the progression of growth among the Gentiles, God has begun using Gentiles to spread the Gospel.
Saturday, February 23, 2013
Leviticus 19-20 & Psalm 23-24
Leviticus 19 offers to us the great challenge, "You shall be holy, for I the Lord your God am holy." The challenge is to mirror the faithfulness and righteousness of God; to be as faithful to God as God is faithful to Israel. Israel's challenge to be holy is to be faithful to the covenant that God has provided and agreed to at Sinai. The rest of chapter 19 are reminders of what this behavior is.
Note that the behaviors not only govern the relationship between Israel and God but between each other and creation as well. This call to be holy sets Israel apart from the nations, they are to be set aside for God's will and not live according to the world but according to God.
Just as chapter 19 reminds Israel of how they should live, chapter 20 outlines the penalties for those who fail to live to the standards. Failure to follow God's commands can lead to expulsion from the community, the land or, in some instances, death. Israel is not to follow in the behavior of the Canaanites, who God is forcing from the land because their behavior is reprehensible to God. Therefore if Israel follows in the habits of the Canaanites, they too will be removed from the land or as verse 22 points out that the land will "vomit them out."
Psalm 23 & 24
Not sure what else can be said about the 23rd Psalm, other than to say it is a reminder to Israel of the care that Yahweh demonstrated in leading Israel out of Egypt, through the Wilderness and then into the Promised Land. It is the image of God as shepherd that has given identity to Israel and the church, of those loved by God who cares for us each day and seeks to provide for our needs and desires.
Psalm 24 can be considered one of the Psalms of Ascents, a Psalm recited by Israel as it heads to the temple for worship. It opens with the reminder that all that is belongs to God, then reminds that only those who follow in the teachings of God are allowed to ascend to the temple. Finally, it ends with a doxology extolling the glory of God.
Note that the behaviors not only govern the relationship between Israel and God but between each other and creation as well. This call to be holy sets Israel apart from the nations, they are to be set aside for God's will and not live according to the world but according to God.
Just as chapter 19 reminds Israel of how they should live, chapter 20 outlines the penalties for those who fail to live to the standards. Failure to follow God's commands can lead to expulsion from the community, the land or, in some instances, death. Israel is not to follow in the behavior of the Canaanites, who God is forcing from the land because their behavior is reprehensible to God. Therefore if Israel follows in the habits of the Canaanites, they too will be removed from the land or as verse 22 points out that the land will "vomit them out."
Psalm 23 & 24
Not sure what else can be said about the 23rd Psalm, other than to say it is a reminder to Israel of the care that Yahweh demonstrated in leading Israel out of Egypt, through the Wilderness and then into the Promised Land. It is the image of God as shepherd that has given identity to Israel and the church, of those loved by God who cares for us each day and seeks to provide for our needs and desires.
Psalm 24 can be considered one of the Psalms of Ascents, a Psalm recited by Israel as it heads to the temple for worship. It opens with the reminder that all that is belongs to God, then reminds that only those who follow in the teachings of God are allowed to ascend to the temple. Finally, it ends with a doxology extolling the glory of God.
Leviticus 17-18 & Acts 10
Leviticus 17 begins the second major section of the book, the Holiness Code. Whereas the first half of the book has dealt with the sacrificial system, the Holiness Code speaks to ritual as well as moral situations. The chapter begins with a clear prohibition against ritual sacrifices offered to other gods or outside the system that has been set up.
All slaughtering of animals outside the camp or absent of the Tent of Meeting, are forbidden. Such sacrifices must be brought to the Tent of Meeting and must be offered to God. To not do so is considered murder, which is a capital offense punishable by death. It is important to note that all animals that are slaughtered to eat, must also be seen as sacrifices to God and appropriate actions must be taken. This is partly to insure that only God is worshiped but also to remind Israel that all that they have is a blessing from God.
Chapter 17 also provided the prohibition against injesting any blood. Blood is seen as the life force of all animals, a life force over which God governs. This life force is set aside for God and God alone, therefore blood is offered to God in the sacrifices and the meat that is eaten must be drained of blood before eaten.
Chapter 18 begins with the clear proclamation that Israel shall not live as those around them; Israel is called to be different. If Israel, or aliens who reside with Israel, fail to follow this command then God shall issue judgment against them.
The first prohibition is in sexual relations, Israel is forbidden from following the Canaanite example of what we might term incestuous relationships. The second is that no one is to offer a child in sacrifice to Molech, possibly a god of the underworld.
An astute reader might note that Israel's forefathers entered into some of the sexual relations that were forbidden and that Abraham was asked to offer his son, Isaac, as a sacrifice. However, these transgressions were before the Sinai covenant which now governs the relationship between God and Israel.
Later kings of Israel are seen as those violating the prohibitions listed above. These violations lead to the eventual exile of Israel from the land.
Acts 10
This chapter begins a major transition in the life of the church. While Saul, soon to be Paul, will become the lead apostle to the Gentiles, it is Peter's ministry which actually opens the door to this work. Peter's visions and his interactions with Cornelius are the first acts which lead to the ministry to the Gentiles. This is further confirmation of Jesus' charge to the disciples to proclaim the Gospel in Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria and to the Gentiles. Jesus' charge is coming true, further confirming his status as Messiah and Son of God.
All slaughtering of animals outside the camp or absent of the Tent of Meeting, are forbidden. Such sacrifices must be brought to the Tent of Meeting and must be offered to God. To not do so is considered murder, which is a capital offense punishable by death. It is important to note that all animals that are slaughtered to eat, must also be seen as sacrifices to God and appropriate actions must be taken. This is partly to insure that only God is worshiped but also to remind Israel that all that they have is a blessing from God.
Chapter 17 also provided the prohibition against injesting any blood. Blood is seen as the life force of all animals, a life force over which God governs. This life force is set aside for God and God alone, therefore blood is offered to God in the sacrifices and the meat that is eaten must be drained of blood before eaten.
Chapter 18 begins with the clear proclamation that Israel shall not live as those around them; Israel is called to be different. If Israel, or aliens who reside with Israel, fail to follow this command then God shall issue judgment against them.
The first prohibition is in sexual relations, Israel is forbidden from following the Canaanite example of what we might term incestuous relationships. The second is that no one is to offer a child in sacrifice to Molech, possibly a god of the underworld.
An astute reader might note that Israel's forefathers entered into some of the sexual relations that were forbidden and that Abraham was asked to offer his son, Isaac, as a sacrifice. However, these transgressions were before the Sinai covenant which now governs the relationship between God and Israel.
Later kings of Israel are seen as those violating the prohibitions listed above. These violations lead to the eventual exile of Israel from the land.
Acts 10
This chapter begins a major transition in the life of the church. While Saul, soon to be Paul, will become the lead apostle to the Gentiles, it is Peter's ministry which actually opens the door to this work. Peter's visions and his interactions with Cornelius are the first acts which lead to the ministry to the Gentiles. This is further confirmation of Jesus' charge to the disciples to proclaim the Gospel in Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria and to the Gentiles. Jesus' charge is coming true, further confirming his status as Messiah and Son of God.
Leviticus 15-16 & Acts 9
Well, at least Leviticus 15 does not continue on dwelling with bloody sacrifices, but then again when the topic is bodily discharges, maybe we would prefer reading more about sacrifices. Just from the reading it would seem that the Puritans were not the only ones who had issues with sex. However, there are issues of sexually transmitted diseases within this text which helps explain the issues of washing, cleansing and purification.
When the authors use the term "discharge", they are most likely referring to issue of sexually transmitted diseases, most scholars believe that gonorrhea was likely the std that is being discussed. It is this discharge that creates the true threat to the community. In order to be cleansed one must undergo ritual bathing as well as offering sacrifices after an eight day period, a period of time which reflects the movement from death to life. Notice that both the male and female are considered unclean by these discharges that are considered "abnormal" and therefore contact with them is forbidden.
In contrast to this discharge, chapter 15 also speaks to normal seminal emissions. For these emissions, ritual bathing is the only action called for, in addition to the need to wait til the evening. Once these actions are taken, a person is considered clean. Much like blood, semen was considered to be a life force and as such any waste of it was considered to be an affront to God, which is why there is a need for ritual cleansing.
Chapter 16 ends a string of chapters that deal with impurities and dietary issues. It is likely that chapters 11 to 15 were inserted at a later time and that 16 follows more directly after chapter 10. Recall that chapter 10 tells the stories of the sons of Aaron who fail to follow the directives of God and are struck dead. Seen in this light chapter 16 offers the opportunity for Aaron to rectify this transgression. The actions listed out in the chapter deal with the Day of Atonement, an opportunity for the sanctuary to the cleansed, for Aaron and the priesthood to be able to offer sacrifices for their own sins and then the scapegoat, on which the sins of Israel will be placed and banished.
It is this last action that presents a new ritual action. We are introduced to the figure of Azazel, who is a precursor of the Devil, a demon who lives in the wasteland. Two goats are brought forward, one sacrificed and offered to God and the second has the sins of Israel placed upon it and then it is sent into the wasteland in which Azazel resides. The sins of Israel are therefore removed from the community.
At the end of the chapter, God sets this Day of Atonement within the annual calendar of Israel, where it joins the Passover, as an annual ritual in the life of Israel. This Day of Atonement still is celebrated as Yom Kippur.
Acts 9
The 9th chapter of Acts tells us the familiar story of Saul's conversion. Saul has appeared previously in the story of the stoning of Stephen and he now reappears in a bid to further persecute the church. The fact that a community exists in Damascus tells us that the gospel message is spreading, it also shows that persecution of the community of believers is occurring outside of Jerusalem as well.
It is clear that Saul is well known for his persecution of the early church, as the church only reluctantly agrees to welcome him into the community, only after Barnabas intercedes. God's willingness to use such a person for God's will speaks to God's willingness to call each of us in our way. None of us are perfect, yet God calls us to our vocation.
Chapter 9 continues in the healing stories of Peter, who is still the primary character of the Book of Acts. Peter's transformation from reluctant disciple to bold apostle is seen in his ability to raise Tabitha from the dead.
When the authors use the term "discharge", they are most likely referring to issue of sexually transmitted diseases, most scholars believe that gonorrhea was likely the std that is being discussed. It is this discharge that creates the true threat to the community. In order to be cleansed one must undergo ritual bathing as well as offering sacrifices after an eight day period, a period of time which reflects the movement from death to life. Notice that both the male and female are considered unclean by these discharges that are considered "abnormal" and therefore contact with them is forbidden.
In contrast to this discharge, chapter 15 also speaks to normal seminal emissions. For these emissions, ritual bathing is the only action called for, in addition to the need to wait til the evening. Once these actions are taken, a person is considered clean. Much like blood, semen was considered to be a life force and as such any waste of it was considered to be an affront to God, which is why there is a need for ritual cleansing.
Chapter 16 ends a string of chapters that deal with impurities and dietary issues. It is likely that chapters 11 to 15 were inserted at a later time and that 16 follows more directly after chapter 10. Recall that chapter 10 tells the stories of the sons of Aaron who fail to follow the directives of God and are struck dead. Seen in this light chapter 16 offers the opportunity for Aaron to rectify this transgression. The actions listed out in the chapter deal with the Day of Atonement, an opportunity for the sanctuary to the cleansed, for Aaron and the priesthood to be able to offer sacrifices for their own sins and then the scapegoat, on which the sins of Israel will be placed and banished.
It is this last action that presents a new ritual action. We are introduced to the figure of Azazel, who is a precursor of the Devil, a demon who lives in the wasteland. Two goats are brought forward, one sacrificed and offered to God and the second has the sins of Israel placed upon it and then it is sent into the wasteland in which Azazel resides. The sins of Israel are therefore removed from the community.
At the end of the chapter, God sets this Day of Atonement within the annual calendar of Israel, where it joins the Passover, as an annual ritual in the life of Israel. This Day of Atonement still is celebrated as Yom Kippur.
Acts 9
The 9th chapter of Acts tells us the familiar story of Saul's conversion. Saul has appeared previously in the story of the stoning of Stephen and he now reappears in a bid to further persecute the church. The fact that a community exists in Damascus tells us that the gospel message is spreading, it also shows that persecution of the community of believers is occurring outside of Jerusalem as well.
It is clear that Saul is well known for his persecution of the early church, as the church only reluctantly agrees to welcome him into the community, only after Barnabas intercedes. God's willingness to use such a person for God's will speaks to God's willingness to call each of us in our way. None of us are perfect, yet God calls us to our vocation.
Chapter 9 continues in the healing stories of Peter, who is still the primary character of the Book of Acts. Peter's transformation from reluctant disciple to bold apostle is seen in his ability to raise Tabitha from the dead.
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
The Idolatry of Autographs
Ok, enough of the bible. Just kidding God! However, here is a brief interlude of the real world.
So over the weekend, the family took a trip down to Clearwater, FL and spent some time at Phillies' Spring Training. Being so close to the players and seeing them getting ready for baseball was just the thing I needed to throw off the chill of winter, even though it was chilly in FLA. The first day at Clearwater, Sam and Liddy scored big, they both got autographs by Cole Hamels. Their smiles lite up the sky and I must admit was almost as excited as they were.
I have never been an autograph seeker myself, but I do recall on festival when I was little that was at Jeannes Hospital in northeast Philly. Larry Bowa and Gary Maddox came and signed autographs and so I brought my glove and had them both sign it. It was great. Seeing Sam and Liddy reminded me of how I felt that day.
Of course the joy of Sam and Liddy's experience was overshadowed by the idolatry of autographs. I call it idolatry because for the most part, it was adults that were seeking the autographs and I have no doubt in my mind that they would have punched, kicked or even bitten Sam and Liddy if they thought that such behavior would give them an advantage. On several occasion grown men pushed Sam out of the way so that they could stand on the gate waiting for Ryan Howard to come out.
Now I could just rant about the lame behavior of professional autograph seekers, and they are lame, but it misses the larger point. Idolatry is any behavior that leads us to forgot God and God's teachings. In this instance it was autographs, in another scenario it could be guns, while in another it could be a phone. When we raise up objects so that they become more important than people and God, then we have an idol.
Perhaps we all need to think of those things that we have turned into an idol, those things that keep us from real human interaction and with an honest relationship with God.
I have never been an autograph seeker myself, but I do recall on festival when I was little that was at Jeannes Hospital in northeast Philly. Larry Bowa and Gary Maddox came and signed autographs and so I brought my glove and had them both sign it. It was great. Seeing Sam and Liddy reminded me of how I felt that day.
Of course the joy of Sam and Liddy's experience was overshadowed by the idolatry of autographs. I call it idolatry because for the most part, it was adults that were seeking the autographs and I have no doubt in my mind that they would have punched, kicked or even bitten Sam and Liddy if they thought that such behavior would give them an advantage. On several occasion grown men pushed Sam out of the way so that they could stand on the gate waiting for Ryan Howard to come out.
Now I could just rant about the lame behavior of professional autograph seekers, and they are lame, but it misses the larger point. Idolatry is any behavior that leads us to forgot God and God's teachings. In this instance it was autographs, in another scenario it could be guns, while in another it could be a phone. When we raise up objects so that they become more important than people and God, then we have an idol.
Perhaps we all need to think of those things that we have turned into an idol, those things that keep us from real human interaction and with an honest relationship with God.
The Royal Dermatologist: Leviticus 13-14 & Acts 8
Leviticus 13 and 14 spend much time in its concern about skin disease, which all seem to get lumped into leprosy. The disease was most likely scale disease and not leprosy. Scale diseases, was not contagious, but seems to have exhibited many of the patterns outlined in 13. It was assumed that if a blemish or wound was open, that it was contagious and therefore leperous. While scaling was a medical condition, it was treated as a religious issue as its presence in the community could make the community unclean. Hence it is the priest reviewing the condition of the man or woman, usually outside the boundary of the community.
To summarize some of the signs that the priest looks for: first is discoloration. True leprosy would have the skin become pink or white so the priest would look to see if the discoloration is just on surface or below, ie does hair change color? Time is given to see if discoloration continues or clears up on its own.
Second sign is swelling, does the area swell and ulcer? Skin ruptures would be a sign of leposy if hair becomes discolored. Normal hair color ruptures would be serious but not at the level of leprosy which would be believed to be present if hair becomes white.
Other signs also include scalp itching. Baldness could be a sign of such skin disease if it is accompanied by other symptoms. (Note, my baldness does not, so no need to stay away.)
In Chapter 14 the priest is given instructions on how to ritually welcome a "clean" person back into the community. Usually a sin offering and a purification offering are needed.
Acts 8
The death of Stephen changes the dynamic for the early believers, fearing that they might be next, many leave Jerusalem. However, instead of leading to the end of the movement, the heavy handed stoning of Stephen actually speeds is spread. Chapter 8 follows the journey of Phillip who ventures into the region of Samaria, which is the location of the former norther kingdom of Israel. This region was destroyed by the Assyrian Empire and over time Samaritans and Judeans became hostile to each other.
Phillip begins to spread the good news and many flock to the message and are converted. However, while the people are baptized, the Spirit does not come to the community until Peter and John come and they prayed that the Samaritans would recieve the Spirit, and they do.
The spread of the Good News goes even further than Samaria as Phillip encounters an Ethiopian eunuch who holds a high place in the palace of the queen. Phillip engages him in a conversation and the Ethiopian asks to be baptized. The stories of Phillip demonstrate that the spread of the Gospel is rapidly moving through the known world, into Samaria and even down into Egypt and Ethiopia. Recall Jesus' pronouncement about proclaiming the Good News in Jerusalem, Judea, Samarian and then to the Gentiles; Jesus word is coming true.
The story of Simon, the magician, is very interesting. This man who sought to buy the "power" of the faith has given his name to those who seek to buy office in the church, simony.
To summarize some of the signs that the priest looks for: first is discoloration. True leprosy would have the skin become pink or white so the priest would look to see if the discoloration is just on surface or below, ie does hair change color? Time is given to see if discoloration continues or clears up on its own.
Second sign is swelling, does the area swell and ulcer? Skin ruptures would be a sign of leposy if hair becomes discolored. Normal hair color ruptures would be serious but not at the level of leprosy which would be believed to be present if hair becomes white.
Other signs also include scalp itching. Baldness could be a sign of such skin disease if it is accompanied by other symptoms. (Note, my baldness does not, so no need to stay away.)
In Chapter 14 the priest is given instructions on how to ritually welcome a "clean" person back into the community. Usually a sin offering and a purification offering are needed.
Acts 8
The death of Stephen changes the dynamic for the early believers, fearing that they might be next, many leave Jerusalem. However, instead of leading to the end of the movement, the heavy handed stoning of Stephen actually speeds is spread. Chapter 8 follows the journey of Phillip who ventures into the region of Samaria, which is the location of the former norther kingdom of Israel. This region was destroyed by the Assyrian Empire and over time Samaritans and Judeans became hostile to each other.
Phillip begins to spread the good news and many flock to the message and are converted. However, while the people are baptized, the Spirit does not come to the community until Peter and John come and they prayed that the Samaritans would recieve the Spirit, and they do.
The spread of the Good News goes even further than Samaria as Phillip encounters an Ethiopian eunuch who holds a high place in the palace of the queen. Phillip engages him in a conversation and the Ethiopian asks to be baptized. The stories of Phillip demonstrate that the spread of the Gospel is rapidly moving through the known world, into Samaria and even down into Egypt and Ethiopia. Recall Jesus' pronouncement about proclaiming the Good News in Jerusalem, Judea, Samarian and then to the Gentiles; Jesus word is coming true.
The story of Simon, the magician, is very interesting. This man who sought to buy the "power" of the faith has given his name to those who seek to buy office in the church, simony.
Leviticus 10-12 & Psalm 22
Well congratulations, if you are still reading you are about to finish your first week of reading through the bible, and reading Leviticus no less.. The reading for Feb. 18th begins a major transition in the Book of Leviticus, from the Priestly Code to a conversation about what things in life will make one unclean and how one can take actions to cleanse themselves. While some of these issues involve the community, most involve in the actions of individuals.
In Ch. 10, we again revisit a common theme within scripture, God teaches the people how to behave and almost immediately they fail and face the anger of God. In this instance two of Aaron's sons, who have just been ordained to the priesthood create "unauthorized fire" and are killed for their transgression. What the unauthorized fire is is not really clear. It is possible that they lite their braziers from coals that were not part of the alter or perhaps it is possible they were drunk, which if we follow the reading, seems was quite possible.
No matter the reason for the judgment, it is clear that God is holding the priests to a very high standard and expects much out of them. God has outlined the proper behavior God is looking for, and the priests are expected to live up to it.
The theme continues as a sin offering is giving for Nadab and Abihu, but their brothers Eleazar and Ithamar, fail to eat of the sin offering as is appropriate. Moses has words with Aaron and they seem to come to an understanding that this was a youthful mistake. It would seem that this new endeavor of sacrifices is not going to be as easy as it seems.
Chapter 11 begins the conversation over what food is clean. To simplify, cattle, goats and sheep are clean as are most fish, those with scales anyway. Other than that, meat is not clean. Some opinions about animals are based just upon superstition while others are concerns of animals that eat blood or dirt. Within scripture, there is no real reason given for some of these concerns. In commentaries they talk about how an animal will eat "cud" but I will spare you that analysis.
Now what would Leviticus be without a passage that really offers no strong rationale for its statements? So we have Ch. 12, which speaks of the need of a woman to purify herself after childbirth. Besides the fact that blood is present, and blood is considered holy, there is no real rationale given for what is noted in the chapter. It is just presented as is. One thing it is not, is a place for misogyny, I say this because the issue of bleeding is not used in other places to denigrate women. Further study would be needed, but for our purpose I think we just have to chalk up this passage as the people not really understanding human biology and the superstition about the power of blood holding particular influence. People were afraid of this bleeding and created a system to deal with this fear.
Psalm 22
It is hard to read Psalm 22 in its original seeking its meaning in the life of Israel because Psalm 22 has become so intertwined with the story of the Crucifixion and Resurrection. Within its life of Israel, the Psalm reflects an individual who feels surrounded by travail, who calls out to God, yet gets no answer. Perhaps on the verge of giving up, the author recalls the actions of God in the past who hears the cries of Israel and responds. This hope rekindles the faith of the one crying out. Yet this hope does not last long as despair sets in once again. Near death, one final supplication is offered up. As God responds, new life is found, one of rejoicing. The actions of God reinforces the worship that had been offered in the past and a new story of God's salvation can be told.
For Christians, the sense of abandonment, the talk of bones being out of joint and of clothes being divided for lots, remind us of the Crucifixion, but the Psalm then ends with a Resurrection as well, with new life.
In Ch. 10, we again revisit a common theme within scripture, God teaches the people how to behave and almost immediately they fail and face the anger of God. In this instance two of Aaron's sons, who have just been ordained to the priesthood create "unauthorized fire" and are killed for their transgression. What the unauthorized fire is is not really clear. It is possible that they lite their braziers from coals that were not part of the alter or perhaps it is possible they were drunk, which if we follow the reading, seems was quite possible.
No matter the reason for the judgment, it is clear that God is holding the priests to a very high standard and expects much out of them. God has outlined the proper behavior God is looking for, and the priests are expected to live up to it.
The theme continues as a sin offering is giving for Nadab and Abihu, but their brothers Eleazar and Ithamar, fail to eat of the sin offering as is appropriate. Moses has words with Aaron and they seem to come to an understanding that this was a youthful mistake. It would seem that this new endeavor of sacrifices is not going to be as easy as it seems.
Chapter 11 begins the conversation over what food is clean. To simplify, cattle, goats and sheep are clean as are most fish, those with scales anyway. Other than that, meat is not clean. Some opinions about animals are based just upon superstition while others are concerns of animals that eat blood or dirt. Within scripture, there is no real reason given for some of these concerns. In commentaries they talk about how an animal will eat "cud" but I will spare you that analysis.
Now what would Leviticus be without a passage that really offers no strong rationale for its statements? So we have Ch. 12, which speaks of the need of a woman to purify herself after childbirth. Besides the fact that blood is present, and blood is considered holy, there is no real rationale given for what is noted in the chapter. It is just presented as is. One thing it is not, is a place for misogyny, I say this because the issue of bleeding is not used in other places to denigrate women. Further study would be needed, but for our purpose I think we just have to chalk up this passage as the people not really understanding human biology and the superstition about the power of blood holding particular influence. People were afraid of this bleeding and created a system to deal with this fear.
Psalm 22
It is hard to read Psalm 22 in its original seeking its meaning in the life of Israel because Psalm 22 has become so intertwined with the story of the Crucifixion and Resurrection. Within its life of Israel, the Psalm reflects an individual who feels surrounded by travail, who calls out to God, yet gets no answer. Perhaps on the verge of giving up, the author recalls the actions of God in the past who hears the cries of Israel and responds. This hope rekindles the faith of the one crying out. Yet this hope does not last long as despair sets in once again. Near death, one final supplication is offered up. As God responds, new life is found, one of rejoicing. The actions of God reinforces the worship that had been offered in the past and a new story of God's salvation can be told.
For Christians, the sense of abandonment, the talk of bones being out of joint and of clothes being divided for lots, remind us of the Crucifixion, but the Psalm then ends with a Resurrection as well, with new life.
Thursday, February 14, 2013
Leviticus 6-7 and Acts 6
In Leviticus 6 and 7, the author continues in the instructions about the sacrifices themselves. From what portions of the animal are offered to the clothing the priest should wear, it is a rather thorough description.
Chapter 6 also continues in its discussion of trespasses against other, robbery etc.
The reality dawns on Israel that this system is not joke. The fires are the altar are to be kept burning continually, a reminder that sin is ever present within Israel and one must be vigilant against this sin. Both sacrifices for expiation of sin and sacrifices for well being are offered on a regular basis by the priests.
Chapter 7 also offers details on what portion of the sacrifice should be eaten, either by the priests or the community as a whole.
Acts 6
The first sign of conflict within the community of believers, evidently an inequality has developed between Greek converts and Jewish converts. The apostles remedy this situation by appointing the deacons to care for the needs of the all the community. Note that the emergence of Stephen, who is a deacon, demonstrates that the apostles do not own the right of the Good News. All can be proclaimers of the Word, it is the Word that provides the power.
Chapter 6 also continues in its discussion of trespasses against other, robbery etc.
The reality dawns on Israel that this system is not joke. The fires are the altar are to be kept burning continually, a reminder that sin is ever present within Israel and one must be vigilant against this sin. Both sacrifices for expiation of sin and sacrifices for well being are offered on a regular basis by the priests.
Chapter 7 also offers details on what portion of the sacrifice should be eaten, either by the priests or the community as a whole.
Acts 6
The first sign of conflict within the community of believers, evidently an inequality has developed between Greek converts and Jewish converts. The apostles remedy this situation by appointing the deacons to care for the needs of the all the community. Note that the emergence of Stephen, who is a deacon, demonstrates that the apostles do not own the right of the Good News. All can be proclaimers of the Word, it is the Word that provides the power.
Leviticus 8 - 9 and Acts 7
So are you sick of the sacrifices, the how to, the blood? Well, we get a little reprieve, sort of. Leviticus 8 and 9 tell the story of the ordination of Aaron and his sons who will be the priests of Israel. Chapter 8 tells of Moses' action to ordain Aaron and his sons. The role that Moses plays here is a reminder to Israel that the prophet has a higher office than the priest.
Urim and Thummin are devices of oracles and sometimes seen as dice that will be tossed to gain favor. They become a sign and symbol of the priesthood.
The placement of blood on Aaron and his signs are acts of purification, they are now worthy to interact with God in the sanctuary. Note that in this ceremony we see all the major offerings to purified the office, the people and then to set the covenant between God and the priesthood. Finally the ceremony ends with a meal marking the covenant.
Now that Aaron has been ordained and installed into the high priesthood, Israel can hold their first worship. Chapter 9 tells us about this ceremony. It takes place eight days after the ordination, which means it is the first day of the week, as well as the eight days allows for the priests to move from the profane existence of humanity to the sacred of God.
This first service begins with Aaron offering a sacrifice for his own sin, then an offering for the people and finally a offering for the well being of the people themselves.
Acts 7
The trial of Stephen stands on its own. A reminder that Stephen is the first martyr of the church, he is the first to give his life for the faith. He also is Greek, or at least in his name. The message of the church is finding root in both Judea and outside Judea just a Jesus had predicted.
Stephen's testimony seems to point out that through out time God has used the non-traditional person to be a messenger. This would seem to poke the temple authorities as this upstart stands before them lecturing them about God. Stephen takes great pain to remind the authorities that throughout time, Israel has turned away from God. He seems to say, they represent this turning from God, while Jesus represents those who are faithful to God.
Finally, the authorities have heard enough, Stephen is stoned to death but not before he seeks forgiveness for those killing him.
Urim and Thummin are devices of oracles and sometimes seen as dice that will be tossed to gain favor. They become a sign and symbol of the priesthood.
The placement of blood on Aaron and his signs are acts of purification, they are now worthy to interact with God in the sanctuary. Note that in this ceremony we see all the major offerings to purified the office, the people and then to set the covenant between God and the priesthood. Finally the ceremony ends with a meal marking the covenant.
Now that Aaron has been ordained and installed into the high priesthood, Israel can hold their first worship. Chapter 9 tells us about this ceremony. It takes place eight days after the ordination, which means it is the first day of the week, as well as the eight days allows for the priests to move from the profane existence of humanity to the sacred of God.
This first service begins with Aaron offering a sacrifice for his own sin, then an offering for the people and finally a offering for the well being of the people themselves.
Acts 7
The trial of Stephen stands on its own. A reminder that Stephen is the first martyr of the church, he is the first to give his life for the faith. He also is Greek, or at least in his name. The message of the church is finding root in both Judea and outside Judea just a Jesus had predicted.
Stephen's testimony seems to point out that through out time God has used the non-traditional person to be a messenger. This would seem to poke the temple authorities as this upstart stands before them lecturing them about God. Stephen takes great pain to remind the authorities that throughout time, Israel has turned away from God. He seems to say, they represent this turning from God, while Jesus represents those who are faithful to God.
Finally, the authorities have heard enough, Stephen is stoned to death but not before he seeks forgiveness for those killing him.
Wednesday, February 13, 2013
Leviticus 4-5 and Psalms 20 - 21
Leviticus continues in its description of the sacrificial system. Chapter 4 speaks of sin offerings that must be offered up for all members of the community. Examples are given for infractions by priests, the community overall and individuals. Special attention is given to insure that the sanctuary itself maintains its purity.
Note the transference that takes place at a sacrifice. The one offering the sacrifice places their hands on the animal, as if to say, this is me and my sin. A sacrifice is not offered up lightly, the reality is that we have pained ourselves and our relationship with God.
Chapter 5 speaks of trespasses, those against God and those against others in the community. As we stated previously, the system has been set up to maintain the balance between humanity and God but the system is also in place to maintain harmony throughout the community as well.
Chapter 5 also opens with a reminder to remain clean and pure and one must take steps to remedy situations where an individual may become unclean.
Note that one is held responsible not just for sins we are aware of, but also sins that we might not even be aware of.
Psalms 20 - 21
Psalm 20 is considered a prayer for victory that comes from royalty. Before the king enters into battle, he offers forward this prayer as well as appropriate sacrifice to God. The understanding being that victory is the Lord's to offer or withhold.
Psalm 21 might be seen as the prayer being answered. The king thanks God for God's victory. The relationship is set, the king trusts in God and God leads the king to victory. The people rejoice.
Note the transference that takes place at a sacrifice. The one offering the sacrifice places their hands on the animal, as if to say, this is me and my sin. A sacrifice is not offered up lightly, the reality is that we have pained ourselves and our relationship with God.
Chapter 5 speaks of trespasses, those against God and those against others in the community. As we stated previously, the system has been set up to maintain the balance between humanity and God but the system is also in place to maintain harmony throughout the community as well.
Chapter 5 also opens with a reminder to remain clean and pure and one must take steps to remedy situations where an individual may become unclean.
Note that one is held responsible not just for sins we are aware of, but also sins that we might not even be aware of.
Psalms 20 - 21
Psalm 20 is considered a prayer for victory that comes from royalty. Before the king enters into battle, he offers forward this prayer as well as appropriate sacrifice to God. The understanding being that victory is the Lord's to offer or withhold.
Psalm 21 might be seen as the prayer being answered. The king thanks God for God's victory. The relationship is set, the king trusts in God and God leads the king to victory. The people rejoice.
Leviticus 1-3 and Acts 5
Leviticus jumps right into the process of sacrifice. We read about sacrifices for the expiation of sin, for good will offerings and for purification offerings. Behind each sacrifice is the understanding that what is being offered is of value to the one offering the sacrifice. The animal must be a domesticated animal, not something caught in the wild, therefore the animal holds value to the owner.
There is a certain cost to these sacrifices, it should be "painful" for the reason for the sacrifice is a trespass against God or another member of the community. Every member of the community is able to offer a sacrifice, different levels of animals can be offered up, the rich can provide a ram, while poorer members of the community can offer up a bird. In other words, rich and powerful or poor, makes no difference, all need to make themselves right with God.
Three main forms of sacrifice are for the expiation of sin in which one needs to be cleansed of sin. This is an offering which involves the blood of an animal and different animals are proscribed for different individuals within the community. The second is for well being or good will and this usually involves a grain offering. The purpose of this offering is to provide a pleasant odor to God to gain good will, such as a bountiful harvest. The final form of sacrifice is that of reconciliation and frequently this is partnered with the sacrifice for the expiation of sin. This sacrifice is offered to bring harmony between one and God or between two members of the community. Frequently this sacrifice ends with a meal to seal the covenant.
Acts 5
We sort of jump right into Acts and enter the story as it has already begun. Leading up to this point, Jesus has left the disciples, who return to Jerusalem. On Pentecost the Spirit comes and gives life to the community. The disciples remain in Jerusalem, frequent the Temple and begin to incur the wrath of the temple authorities. The community of believers forms close bonds and we hear how they share everything and want for nothing.
In chapter 5 we begin to understand this new community and its sharing but hear a warning story. Ananias and Sapphira, influenced by Satan, withhold some of their own fortune from the community. They sin, not just in not sharing, but in trying to deceive the community and the punishment is swift. Perhaps their deaths are warnings to the danger of those who will attempt to tear apart the community.
The story of chapter 5 continues and we see another aspect of the early church community is the presence of healing. For those who are willing to give themselves over to the community, there is a wholeness that can be found.
The last half of the chapter provides a prediction from the famed Gameliel, who is a revered rabbi at the time, and even presently. In his own words, he points out how efforts that are just of humanity tend to fade, while efforts of God continue. Words that we ought to remember today.
There is a certain cost to these sacrifices, it should be "painful" for the reason for the sacrifice is a trespass against God or another member of the community. Every member of the community is able to offer a sacrifice, different levels of animals can be offered up, the rich can provide a ram, while poorer members of the community can offer up a bird. In other words, rich and powerful or poor, makes no difference, all need to make themselves right with God.
Three main forms of sacrifice are for the expiation of sin in which one needs to be cleansed of sin. This is an offering which involves the blood of an animal and different animals are proscribed for different individuals within the community. The second is for well being or good will and this usually involves a grain offering. The purpose of this offering is to provide a pleasant odor to God to gain good will, such as a bountiful harvest. The final form of sacrifice is that of reconciliation and frequently this is partnered with the sacrifice for the expiation of sin. This sacrifice is offered to bring harmony between one and God or between two members of the community. Frequently this sacrifice ends with a meal to seal the covenant.
Acts 5
We sort of jump right into Acts and enter the story as it has already begun. Leading up to this point, Jesus has left the disciples, who return to Jerusalem. On Pentecost the Spirit comes and gives life to the community. The disciples remain in Jerusalem, frequent the Temple and begin to incur the wrath of the temple authorities. The community of believers forms close bonds and we hear how they share everything and want for nothing.
In chapter 5 we begin to understand this new community and its sharing but hear a warning story. Ananias and Sapphira, influenced by Satan, withhold some of their own fortune from the community. They sin, not just in not sharing, but in trying to deceive the community and the punishment is swift. Perhaps their deaths are warnings to the danger of those who will attempt to tear apart the community.
The story of chapter 5 continues and we see another aspect of the early church community is the presence of healing. For those who are willing to give themselves over to the community, there is a wholeness that can be found.
The last half of the chapter provides a prediction from the famed Gameliel, who is a revered rabbi at the time, and even presently. In his own words, he points out how efforts that are just of humanity tend to fade, while efforts of God continue. Words that we ought to remember today.
Intro to Leviticus and the Book of Acts
So our journey begins! Our Year with the Bible begins on Valentines' Day, hopefully our love for God's Word will grow.
Now we begin with some daunting material, Leviticus, as well with some familiar readings from the Book of Acts. In this space I hope to provide some notes to help clarify what is happening in the readings. They are not meant to be exhaustive, and in some cases I may not write anything and just let the Word speak for itself. Of course, if questions do come up, feel free to leave a comment on the blog or email me.
First, let's set the table for Leviticus. In a nutshell, Leviticus is the priests manual for Israel, it is very much a how to kind of book. There are two major sections of Leviticus, the first is the Priestly Code, which focuses on the role of the priesthood to keep Israel holy. Much of this takes place through the process of offering sacrifices, which means at times Leviticus is rather bloody with rather graphic displays of sacrifices. The second half is made up of the Holiness Code which involves how individuals can remain "clean."
Behind Leviticus is the understanding that God is Holy, while Israel is not. Leviticus is written as a means to bridge that divide. It is the priests job to help maintain this balance, to eliminate the impurities of sin and trespass that will occur within Israel. Sacrifice becomes a means in which something of value takes the place of the transgressor to be offered as a gift to God. Through these rites, a balance can be maintained.
It was originally believed that Leviticus was written at the time of the journey in the Wilderness but more historical study believes that the book is a post exilic work that attempts to create a theology that will allow Israel to remain in the Land.
The Book of the Acts of the Apostles is a more familiar read to most of us. It is seen as the second half of the Luke-Acts book, the author of Luke is also the author of the Book of Acts of the Apostles. Acts, for the most part, centers on the characters of Peter and Paul as they begin to spread the Word of the Good News. Behind the activity of Peter and Paul is the Holy Spirit that is guiding the actions of all. The book begins with the formation of the church through the act of Pentecost and then discusses the spread of the Good News through Judea, Samaria and then Hellenized world.
Now we begin with some daunting material, Leviticus, as well with some familiar readings from the Book of Acts. In this space I hope to provide some notes to help clarify what is happening in the readings. They are not meant to be exhaustive, and in some cases I may not write anything and just let the Word speak for itself. Of course, if questions do come up, feel free to leave a comment on the blog or email me.
First, let's set the table for Leviticus. In a nutshell, Leviticus is the priests manual for Israel, it is very much a how to kind of book. There are two major sections of Leviticus, the first is the Priestly Code, which focuses on the role of the priesthood to keep Israel holy. Much of this takes place through the process of offering sacrifices, which means at times Leviticus is rather bloody with rather graphic displays of sacrifices. The second half is made up of the Holiness Code which involves how individuals can remain "clean."
Behind Leviticus is the understanding that God is Holy, while Israel is not. Leviticus is written as a means to bridge that divide. It is the priests job to help maintain this balance, to eliminate the impurities of sin and trespass that will occur within Israel. Sacrifice becomes a means in which something of value takes the place of the transgressor to be offered as a gift to God. Through these rites, a balance can be maintained.
It was originally believed that Leviticus was written at the time of the journey in the Wilderness but more historical study believes that the book is a post exilic work that attempts to create a theology that will allow Israel to remain in the Land.
The Book of the Acts of the Apostles is a more familiar read to most of us. It is seen as the second half of the Luke-Acts book, the author of Luke is also the author of the Book of Acts of the Apostles. Acts, for the most part, centers on the characters of Peter and Paul as they begin to spread the Word of the Good News. Behind the activity of Peter and Paul is the Holy Spirit that is guiding the actions of all. The book begins with the formation of the church through the act of Pentecost and then discusses the spread of the Good News through Judea, Samaria and then Hellenized world.
The United States of Convenience
I loooove Wawa! What a great store! In the morning I can get coffee and a donut. At lunch I can get a sandwich. At night, following a meeting, I can grab a snack. In some places I can do all this while I fill up my car with gas! Talk about convenience.
Think about how often we take advantage of convenient stores; Wawa, Seven Eleven, and yes the most convenient of convenience, Swiss Farms where you can drive though. These stores just make our lives a little easier. Need sandwich, no problem. Milk, sure. Slurpee, done. All these things under one roof!
Living overseas for a period of time I realized just how convenient our lives are here in the good ol'USA. Heck the best supermarket in the UK, Tescos, barely has a greater variety of items that a Wawa might have. Wegmans would blow the mind of most Britons, heck I am often amazed at how much stuff Wegmans has. To be honest the most difficult transition to living overseas was the lack of convenience I found.
In the United States we value convenience. We want everything at our fingertips and preferably with as little movement as possible. In my travels I think this desire for convenience really sets us apart from other cultures, even from those closest to resembling ours like Europe and Canada. But I wonder what this desire for convenience has gotten us?
Look at the news, we have a real problem with gun violence and the natural courses of action will be largely fought off by the NRA because such actions would inconvenience gun owners. The vile evil of human trafficking is largely fueled by our desire for convenience, and cheap products. Businesses turn a blind eye to partners that might be using slave labor, just to save a buck. Even such businesses that are seen as being active in the social justice sphere, like Trader Joes and Chipotle, were slow to act to protect migrant farm workers. Pornography is a booming industry, largely because of the sex slave trade, a trade that supplies "cheap" laborers for prostitution and movies. Our desire for convenience, our desire to for having cheap products which are easy to attain comes at a cost.
Yet convenience is not a word that Jesus uses, he challenges us to live lives without convenience. Recall that we are challenged to not just invite our friends to dinner, thereby expecting a return invitation, but to invite those who we can expect very little from, our enemies or even strangers. What is convenient about plucking out our eyes if they lead us into sin, for it is better for us to lose our eyesight than our salvation? But in all reality, what about the Cross speaks to convenience? Was it convenient for God to have to watch his only son die in torture? Was it convenient for Christ to suffer a horrible death so that we can have life anew?
If we are to truly live in Christ, we must take the time to find out how our lives are impacting others around us and the world. Perhaps there is a better grocery store to buy our groceries, maybe a line of clothing might not meet the standard of caring for others. But that involves us asking questions and taking time to research, two things that we find inconvenient. It will not be easy, but literally lives depend upon us to live faithfully and not conventiently.
For starters check out the following websites related to products made by slave labor:
Think about how often we take advantage of convenient stores; Wawa, Seven Eleven, and yes the most convenient of convenience, Swiss Farms where you can drive though. These stores just make our lives a little easier. Need sandwich, no problem. Milk, sure. Slurpee, done. All these things under one roof!
Living overseas for a period of time I realized just how convenient our lives are here in the good ol'USA. Heck the best supermarket in the UK, Tescos, barely has a greater variety of items that a Wawa might have. Wegmans would blow the mind of most Britons, heck I am often amazed at how much stuff Wegmans has. To be honest the most difficult transition to living overseas was the lack of convenience I found.
In the United States we value convenience. We want everything at our fingertips and preferably with as little movement as possible. In my travels I think this desire for convenience really sets us apart from other cultures, even from those closest to resembling ours like Europe and Canada. But I wonder what this desire for convenience has gotten us?
Look at the news, we have a real problem with gun violence and the natural courses of action will be largely fought off by the NRA because such actions would inconvenience gun owners. The vile evil of human trafficking is largely fueled by our desire for convenience, and cheap products. Businesses turn a blind eye to partners that might be using slave labor, just to save a buck. Even such businesses that are seen as being active in the social justice sphere, like Trader Joes and Chipotle, were slow to act to protect migrant farm workers. Pornography is a booming industry, largely because of the sex slave trade, a trade that supplies "cheap" laborers for prostitution and movies. Our desire for convenience, our desire to for having cheap products which are easy to attain comes at a cost.
Yet convenience is not a word that Jesus uses, he challenges us to live lives without convenience. Recall that we are challenged to not just invite our friends to dinner, thereby expecting a return invitation, but to invite those who we can expect very little from, our enemies or even strangers. What is convenient about plucking out our eyes if they lead us into sin, for it is better for us to lose our eyesight than our salvation? But in all reality, what about the Cross speaks to convenience? Was it convenient for God to have to watch his only son die in torture? Was it convenient for Christ to suffer a horrible death so that we can have life anew?
If we are to truly live in Christ, we must take the time to find out how our lives are impacting others around us and the world. Perhaps there is a better grocery store to buy our groceries, maybe a line of clothing might not meet the standard of caring for others. But that involves us asking questions and taking time to research, two things that we find inconvenient. It will not be easy, but literally lives depend upon us to live faithfully and not conventiently.
For starters check out the following websites related to products made by slave labor:
Then explore your life to see what conveniences you would be willing to give up in order to insure that all have the right to life and the pursuit of joy.
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